身体视角下的旅游体验——基于徒步游记与访谈的扎根理论分析

doi:10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2017.04.018

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摘要身体理论的发展为旅游体验本质的探究提供了新的可能，国内外的研究开始关注人的某些感官体验，但作为一个整体的身体还极少得到审视。在梳理相关文献的基础上，采用身体地理学视角，对收集的徒步旅行游记和访谈进行扎根理论分析，提炼出24个范畴、7个主范畴和1个核心范畴，据此建立旅游体验本质模型。结果表明，徒步旅游体验本质上是一种具身化生成实践，即旅游者通过具体身体的参与，与旅游情境深度融合，寻求个体完善与成长的对象性活动。具体包括身体意识的唤醒、身心的浸入、与他人和自然的共在以及个体的生成等四种体验类型。这些体验主要通过旅游者由身体痛苦到精神快乐的逆向选择、具有仪式象征意义的行为表演和面向自我的反思性观照三种典型路径达到。在此过程中，作为整体的身体解除了规训和压制，展现出生动鲜活的样貌，迈向持续的生成之域。

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关键词 ：旅游体验, 具身, 徒步旅游, 扎根理论

Abstract：On the basis of literature review, the paper analyzed texts about trekking travel notes and interviews by Grounded Theory on the perspective of geography of body. Then the author built a tourist experience model on the basis of 1 core category, 7 main categories and 24 corresponding categories. The paper argued that the nature of tourist experience is a kind of embodied practice for becoming, namely it is person's object activity which immersed in the tourist situations by embodied participation for individual improvement and development. The experiences are composed of 4 styles in sequence:1)Arousing experience of body sense:People who have suffered pressures in everyday life entered into tourist world, then felt strong lived bodily existence of themselves by resisting social discipline, showing body technology and stimulate body consciousness. 2)Immersing experience of body-mind:In the process of body moving and sensing, travelers experienced staggered transformation between aesthetic pleasures and corporal pains, and between positive emotions and negative emotions, then immersed into the surrounding situations. 3)Co-presence experience with others and nature:Travelers gradually extended their boundaries of body until integrating themselves with trekking equipments, other people, and the nature. 4)Becoming experience of individual:It is a process of self-refreshing, self-development and self-creation by sharpening the mind and body, getting knowledge, and purifying souls in tourist world.

Key words： tourist experience embodiment trekking grounded theory

收稿日期: 2016-04-05

基金资助:

国家旅游局科研项目（16TAAG020）；广西民族旅游研究中心开放基金资助项目（MZLY05）

作者简介: 谢彦君(1960-),男,辽宁岫岩人,教授,博士生导师,主要研究方向为旅游体验研究与研究方法论。E-mail:xyj-dufe@126.com。

引用本文:

谢彦君, 樊友猛. 身体视角下的旅游体验——基于徒步游记与访谈的扎根理论分析[J]. 人文地理, 2017, 32(4): 129-137. XIE Yan-jun, FAN You-meng. TOURIST EXPERIENCE ON A BODY PERSPECTIVE:GROUNDED THEORY ANALYSIS ON TREKKING WRITINGS AND INTERVIEWS. HUMAN GEOGRAPHY, 2017, 32(4): 129-137.

链接本文:

http://rwdl.xisu.edu.cn/CN/10.13959/j.issn.1003-2398.2017.04.018 或 http://rwdl.xisu.edu.cn/CN/Y2017/V32/I4/129

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[19]	Van Hoven B. Multi-sensory tourism in the Great Bear Rainforest[J]. Journal of the Association of Icelandic Geographers, 2011,25:31-49.
[21]	Dann G, Jacobsen J K S. Tourism smellscapes[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2003,5(1):3-25.
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[22]	Obrador-Pons P. Building castles in the sand:Repositioning touch on the beach[J]. The Senses and Society, 2009,4(2):195-210.
[21]	Dann G, Jacobsen J K S. Tourism smellscapes[J]. Tourism Geographies, 2003,5(1):3-25.
[23]	Chronis A. Moving bodies and the staging of the tourist experience[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2015,55:124-140.
[22]	Obrador-Pons P. Building castles in the sand:Repositioning touch on the beach[J]. The Senses and Society, 2009,4(2):195-210.
[24]	Matteucci X. Forms of body usage in tourists' experiences of flamenco[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014,41(7):29-43.
[25]	陈向明.社会科学中的定性研究方法[J].中国社会科学,1996(6):93-102.[Chen Xiangming. Qualitative research methods for the social sciences[J]. Social Sciences in China, 1996(6):93-102.]
[26]	冯健,吴芳芳.质性方法在城市社会空间研究中的应用[J].地理研究,2011,30(11):1956-1969.[Fen Jian, Wu Fangfang. The application of qualitative research method in urban socio-spatial structure research[J]. Geographical Research, 2011,30(11):1956-1969.]
[27]	米歇尔·福柯.规训与惩罚[M].刘北成,杨远婴,译.北京:三联书店, 2003:154.[Foucault M. Discipline and Punish[M]. Liu Beicheng, Yang Yuanying, trans. Beijing:SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2003:154.]
[28]	林晓珊.反思性身体技术:一项汽车与身体的扎根理论研究[J].社会学研究,2013(6):144-168.[Lin Xiaoshan. Reflexive body techniques:A study on auto and body based on grounded theory[J]. Sociological Studies, 2013(6):144-168.]
[29]	陶伟,王绍续,朱竑.身体、身体观以及人文地理学对身体的研究[J]. 地理研究,2015,34(6):1173-1187.[Tao Wei, Wang Shaoxu, Zhu Hong. The body, the view of body, and the study of body in human geography[J]. Geographical Research, 2015,34(6):1173-1187.]
[30]	莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂.知觉现象学[M].姜志辉,译.北京:商务印书馆, 2001:190.[Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Phenomenology of Perception[M]. Jiang Zhihui, trans. Bejing:Commercial Press, 2001:190.]
[23]	Chronis A. Moving bodies and the staging of the tourist experience[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2015,55:124-140.
[31]	Cohen E. Backpacking:Diversity and change[J]. Tourism And Cultural Change, 2003,1(2):95-110.
[32]	皮埃尔·布迪厄, 罗克·华康德.实践与反思——反思社会学导引[M].李猛,李康,译.北京:中央编译出版社,2004:39.[Bourdieu P, Wacquant L D. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology[M]. Li Meng, Li Kang, trans. Beijing:Central Compilation &Translation Press, 2004:39.]
[33]	克里斯·希林.身体与社会理论[M].李康,译.北京:北京大学出版社, 2010:21.[Schilling C. The Body and Social Theory[M]. Li Kang, trans. Beijing:Beijing University Press, 2010:21.]
[24]	Matteucci X. Forms of body usage in tourists' experiences of flamenco[J]. Annals of Tourism Research, 2014,41(7):29-43.
[25]	陈向明.社会科学中的定性研究方法[J].中国社会科学,1996(6):93-102.[Chen Xiangming. Qualitative research methods for the social sciences[J]. Social Sciences in China, 1996(6):93-102.]
[26]	冯健,吴芳芳.质性方法在城市社会空间研究中的应用[J].地理研究,2011,30(11):1956-1969.[Fen Jian, Wu Fangfang. The application of qualitative research method in urban socio-spatial structure research[J]. Geographical Research, 2011,30(11):1956-1969.]
[34]	陈巍,徐燕,郭本禹,等.心智科学时代的"赫尔墨斯":弗朗西斯科· 瓦雷拉[J].自然辩证法通讯,2012,34(2):94-102.[Chen Wei, Xu Yan, Guo Benyu, et al. A "Hermes" in the era of mind science:Francisco Varela[J]. Journal of Dialectics of Nature, 2012,34(2):94-102.]
[27]	米歇尔·福柯.规训与惩罚[M].刘北成,杨远婴,译.北京:三联书店, 2003:154.[Foucault M. Discipline and Punish[M]. Liu Beicheng, Yang Yuanying, trans. Beijing:SDX Joint Publishing Company, 2003:154.]
[35]	谢彦君.基础旅游学(第三版)[M].北京:中国旅游出版社,2011:242.[Xie Yanjun. Tourism Studies(the 3nd Edition)[M]. Beijing:China Tourism & Travel Press, 2011:242.]
[28]	林晓珊.反思性身体技术:一项汽车与身体的扎根理论研究[J].社会学研究,2013(6):144-168.[Lin Xiaoshan. Reflexive body techniques:A study on auto and body based on grounded theory[J]. Sociological Studies, 2013(6):144-168.]
[29]	陶伟,王绍续,朱竑.身体、身体观以及人文地理学对身体的研究[J]. 地理研究,2015,34(6):1173-1187.[Tao Wei, Wang Shaoxu, Zhu Hong. The body, the view of body, and the study of body in human geography[J]. Geographical Research, 2015,34(6):1173-1187.]
[30]	莫里斯·梅洛-庞蒂.知觉现象学[M].姜志辉,译.北京:商务印书馆, 2001:190.[Maurice Merleau-Ponty. Phenomenology of Perception[M]. Jiang Zhihui, trans. Bejing:Commercial Press, 2001:190.]
[36]	Small J, Darcy S, Packer T. The embodied tourist experiences of people with vision impairment:Management implications beyond the visual gaze[J]. Tourism Management, 2012,33(4):941-950.